COBALT IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS: OCCURRENCE FORMS, BIOLOGICAL VALUE AND FISH TOXICITY

V. S. Markiv, N. O. Vovcek

Abstract


The review outlines the sources of cobalt and its compounds entering the environment, analyzes the forms of the metal in aquatic ecosystems, and discusses methods of ecoanalytical control, along with the peculiarities of cobalt metabolism and its toxicity for aquatic organisms (hydrobionts). Cobalt, a transition metal and rare natural element, exhibits varying concentrations in freshwater ecosystems. Its levels range from very low (ng/L to μg/L) in unpolluted, anthropogenically unaffected water bodies, to significantly higher concentrations (above 3 mg/L) in contaminated areas. It was noted that the metal can exist in aquatic ecosystems in the form of divalent and trivalent cobalt compounds. In the aqueous phase, cobalt can also be in a hydrated form, in the form of complex compounds with organic or inorganic ligands and suspensions or colloids. The ratio of dissolved and insoluble forms of metal in fresh water varies greatly. It is shown that bottom sediments are one of the main sources of secondary contamination of the aquatic environment with cobalt, and high levels of it in bottom sediments may indicate anthropogenic pollution. It is shown that the methods of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in a graphite furnace, atomic absorption spectrometry with a flame detector, mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS), atomic- emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES), bioindication. The pathways of cobalt intake and excretion in hydrobionts, and the specific tissue accumulation patterns in fish, were also examined. Cobalt is a vital micronutrient for fish, as it is a key component of the vitamin B12 complex and acts as a cofactor for various enzymes such as dehydrogenases, dehydratases, hydratases, mutases, and transferases. A deficiency of cobalt in fish can lead to impaired growth, development, and movement. However, excessive accumulation can induce oxidative stress, trigger apoptosis, disrupt enzyme and calcium metabolism, cause DNA damage and biological membrane impairment, and negatively affect the reproductive system and hematological health of fish.

Keywords


cobalt; hydroecosystems; toxicity; metabolis; fish

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25128/2078-2357.24.2.7

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